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Make Domestic Resource Mobilization Work for Africa’s Structural Transformation (By Adamon Mukasa and Anthony Simpasa)

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African Development Bank

The implementation of the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 hinges on Africa’s ability to mobilize sufficient and timely financial resources

ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast, August 27, 2024/APO Group/ — 

By  Adamon Mukasa and Anthony Simpasa

The implementation of the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 for sustainable development (https://apo-opa.co/4g2kWSb) and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 (https://apo-opa.co/4767Ak0) hinges on Africa’s ability to mobilize sufficient and timely financial resources. The recently released African Economic Outlook (AEO) 2024 (https://apo-opa.co/3yWpFEs) report by the African Development Bank estimates that the continent needs to close, by 2030, an annual financing gap of US$402.2 billion to fast-track its structural transformation process. Scaling up domestic resource mobilization (DRM) will be key to achieving that objective. 

African governments have always recognised the central role of increased mobilization and effective use of domestic resources to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and other national development objectives. Through the 2015 Addis Ababa Action Agenda (https://apo-opa.co/4cG67ly), African leaders reaffirmed their commitment to “further strengthening the mobilization and effective use of domestic resources”, underscored by the principle of national ownership established in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (https://apo-opa.co/3WZXZ9v). African governments have thus stepped up their policy levers towards improvement of DRM and combatting tax evasion and avoidance. These initiatives include, for example, the work of the African Union Development Agency-New Partnership for Africa’s Development (AUDA-NEPAD) (https://apo-opa.co/3ARAhEU), the High-Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) (https://apo-opa.co/4cK2efo), the African Union Assembly Special Declaration on IFFs (https://apo-opa.co/4g1ixXN), the Africa Initiative of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for tax purposes (https://apo-opa.co/4gfrvRJ), the African Tax Administration Forum (https://apo-opa.co/4dWXpA9), and the establishment of Medium-Term Revenue Strategies (MTRS) (https://apo-opa.co/3MjW4HY). These initiatives emphasize the need for mobilization of domestic resources at scale and addressing resource leakages. 

Scaling up resources to fast-track structural transformation in Africa will require addressing underlying challenges and constraints to domestic resource mobilization

Stocktaking of Africa’s DRM progress 
Africa has increasingly mobilized its domestic resources to finance its development priorities in sectors such as health and education, infrastructure development, industrialization, and agriculture. In absolute terms, Africa’s government revenues (tax and non-tax revenues, excluding grants) increased by almost 40 percent from about US$435 billion in 2015 to US$604 billion in 2022 and are projected to reach about US$626 billion in 2025. Tax revenues account for more than 75 percent of the continent’s total domestically generated revenues. However, in relative terms, the continent underperforms its peers. Data from the AEO 2024 indicate that Africa’s average general government revenue declined substantially from 23.5 percent of GDP in 2010 to 19.3 percent of GDP in 2021. This is due to a steady decline in tax revenues, over the same period, from 16.1 percent of GDP in 2010 to 14.2 percent of GDP in 2021. In particular, since 2015, Africa’s average tax revenue ratio relative to GDP has consistently been below the 15 percent minimum (https://apo-opa.co/3X4DYPi) required for a developing country to adequately finance its SDGs. Africa’s revenue ratio is well below the average for Latin America (23.9 percent) and less than half the average for Europe and Central Asia (31.7 percent). Africa’s average low tax revenue ratio mask significant heterogeneity among individual African countries. As shown in figure 2, the average tax-to-GDP ratio over 2015-2025 falls short of the 15 percent threshold in 34 countries, spread across all of Africa’s five regions, calling therefore for urgent actions to scale up DRM and align it with financing needs for structural transformation. 

Aligning DRM with financing needs for structural transformation 
According to findings in the AEO (2024), African countries need to increase their tax-to-GDP ratio by a median value of about 13.2 percentage points—bringing the current median ratio to 27.2 percent of GDP—to be able to close the estimated financing gap for structural transformation. This is under the assumption that additional mobilized tax revenues are efficiently deployed and allocated to financing structural transformation. While the estimated tax effort may be within reach of many African countries, it remains unattainable for others given their relative low potential tax-to-GDP ratio. Hence, out of the 39 African countries with data on tax capacity, the report found that in 18 countries (46.2 percent of them), the level of tax-to-GDP ratio required to mobilize resources for structural transformation exceeds the maximum amount of tax revenues that could be collected given socioeconomic and institutional factors (Figure 3). This means that even if those countries exhaust their current tax capacity, they may not be able to close their respective estimated financing gap by 2030. 

Scaling up resources to fast-track structural transformation in Africa will require addressing underlying challenges and constraints to domestic resource mobilization. These challenges  include inter alia: i) High levels of informality (about 86 percent of total jobs on the continent are informal) (https://apo-opa.co/3T4YKwQ); ii)  Weak tax administration capacities (https://apo-opa.co/4cKmfm3), leading to inefficient tax collection; iii) Complex tax law and rules, which reduce compliance rates; iv) Low domestic savings (prior to the pandemic, Africa had one of the lowest gross domestic savings rates in the world, at 13.6 percent of GDP)1; v)  Endemic corruption (https://apo-opa.co/4g2luaH) (Africa loses annually in IFFs about US$89 billion) (https://apo-opa.co/3MmfvzX); and vi) Inefficient and expensive tax collection systems. 

On the last point in particular, data suggest that between 2000 and 2021 African countries collected only 24 percent of the VAT revenues annually – the lowest rate in the world – that they could otherwise have collected with full compliance and without tax exemptions. The AEO (2024) report has therefore estimated that by just increasing the VAT efficiency ratio to the level currently achieved by high-performing developing countries in other regions—those with a VAT efficiency rate of at least 70 percent—African countries could raise their current median VAT revenues (as a share of GDP) by as much as 7.9 percentage points, equivalent to a median value of about US$1.9 billion. In aggregate terms, improving VAT efficiency ratio could translate into additional VAT revenues of US$171 billion (or 42.5 percent of Africa’s US$402.2 billion financing gap).    

There is a long way to go to make DRM work for Africa’s structural transformation. To move fast, policy priority should be given to improving the transparency of the tax system, widen the tax base, enhance enforcement, mitigate compliance risks, and ultimately stimulate voluntary compliance by strengthening the social contract via enhanced provision of public goods and services to address widespread implicit taxation and increase compliance; increasing non-tax revenues such as property income, royalties, fines, penalties, forfeits, and business permits; enhance the formalization of the informal economy and, digitalization of tax collection systems to curb corruption, thereby enhance revenue collection.  

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of African Development Bank Group (AfDB).

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$40B Africa Energy Fund Targets Universal Access – What it Means for Clean Cooking

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With the launch of a $40 billion fund to expand energy access, African Energy Week 2025: Invest in African Energies will serve as a key platform to drive investment in clean cooking solutions and sustainable energy strategies across the continent

CAPE TOWN, South Africa, April 11, 2025/APO Group/ –A new $40 billion Africa Energy Fund, launched at the Mission 300 Africa Energy Summit in Dar es Salaam, aims to provide 300 million people with access to cleaner, more reliable energy by 2030. The initiative aligns with Africa’s broader push for sustainable energy solutions, including clean cooking technologies, which remain one of the most critical yet underfunded sectors in the energy transition. As African Energy Week (AEW): Invest in African Energies 2025 approaches, discussions on scaling investment in clean cooking solutions will be high on the agenda, particularly in light of the commitments made by African nations to advance energy access.

Access to clean cooking solutions remains one of Africa’s most pressing energy challenges. Over 900 million people on the continent still rely on traditional biomass, such as wood and charcoal, for cooking. The health, environmental and economic consequences are severe – household air pollution from these fuels contributes to over 600,000 premature deaths annually, while deforestation and carbon emissions continue to rise. While electrification projects are a major focus of Africa’s energy transition, clean cooking remains an urgent issue that requires targeted investment and policy support.

The Fund is a step in the right direction and demonstrates global commitment to accelerating energy access and supporting Africa’s transition to cleaner, more sustainable energy solutions. The World Bank has pledged $22 billion to support the initiative, while the African Development Bank has committed $18.2 billion. Additional contributions include $2.65 billion from the Islamic Development Bank and $1 billion from the OPEC Fund, highlighting strong financial backing from major international institutions.

Several African countries have demonstrated strong commitments to expanding clean cooking access through national policies, targeted financing mechanisms and public-private partnerships. Kenya, seeking universal access by 2028, is advancing LPG expansion, electric cooking and bioethanol alternatives with support from private sector investment and international partnerships. By subsidizing LPG and investing in infrastructure, the country has significantly increased adoption rates. Neighboring Tanzania is integrating clean cooking solutions into its national electrification plan and broader energy transition strategy, supported by a dedicated National Clean Cooking Strategy. Meanwhile, Ghana has adopted a multi-pronged approach, enhancing the affordability of LPG and promoting efficient biomass stoves. The country is also raising public awareness of the health benefits of clean cooking, while encouraging local manufacturing of stoves and fuel alternatives.

The newly-launched energy fund not only works to expand electricity access, but also to catalyze economic opportunities by powering industries, businesses and households. Reliable energy is a fundamental enabler of economic growth, and investments in clean cooking align with broader energy access goals by reducing health costs, increasing productivity and improving gender equality. AEW: Invest in African Energies 2025 – the leading energy event for deal-making, policy discussions and industry networking – provides a crucial platform for stakeholders to explore investment opportunities in clean cooking and broader energy access initiatives.

Discussions will focus on mobilizing financing for clean cooking projects, including public-private partnerships and carbon credit mechanisms; strategies for integrating clean cooking into national electrification plans; and best practices from leading African countries and how their policies can be replicated across the continent. Discussions will also focus on scaling up investment in clean energy infrastructure, including off-grid electrification and innovative financing mechanisms for clean cooking technologies.

With the launch of the Africa Energy Fund and growing momentum around clean cooking investments, Africa stands at a pivotal moment in its energy transition. Achieving universal energy access requires a multi-faceted approach that includes large-scale electrification projects, off-grid solutions and immediate interventions in clean cooking. AEW 2025 provides an opportunity for governments, businesses and investors to align their strategies and secure funding to drive impact. The commitment to connecting 300 million Africans to cleaner energy is ambitious, but with the right policies and investments, it is within reach – and clean cooking solutions must be a central part of the conversation.

AEW: Invest in African Energies is the platform of choice for project operators, financiers, technology providers and government, and has emerged as the official place to sign deals in African energy. Visit www.AECWeek.com for more information about this exciting event.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of African Energy Chamber

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Afreximbank commissions first-of-its-kind African Trade Centre in Abuja, Nigeria – marking a new era for Intra-African trade

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With the opening of the Abuja AATC, Afreximbank continues its mission to promote intra-African trade and investment opportunities, laying the groundwork for a more prosperous and integrated African economy

ABUJA, Nigeria, April 11, 2025/APO Group/ –Multilateral Bank African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) (www.Afreximbank.com) has officially commissioned its first Afreximbank African Trade Centre (AATC) today in Abuja, Nigeria, ushering in a transformative era for trade and investment in Africa.

During the grand commissioning ceremony, speakers, including Hon. Dr. George Akume, Secretary to the Government of Federation, Nigeria representing H. E. Bola Ahmed Tinubu GCFR, President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, The Federal Republic of Nigeria, highlighted the AATC’s strategic importance, its pivotal role in shaping Africa’s economic future and the significant impact it is poised to make on Africa’s trade and investment landscape.

Speaking at the Ceremony, Dr. Akume stated, “Afreximbank African Trade Centre (AATC) is a landmark project that embodies our shared commitment to advancing Intra-African Trade, fostering economic integration and unlocking a vast potential of our continent. This occasion is a realisation of a bold vision for Africa’s economic future. AATC stands as a testament to the power of collaboration, resilience and forward-thinking leadership. It is more than a physical structure; it is the beginning of innovation, a hub for entrepreneurship and a catalyst for sustainable development.

He added, “This centre will serve as a critical platform for trade facilitation, capacity building and investment promotion – key pillars of Africa’s economic transformation. Afreximbank’s role in shaping Africa’s trade landscape cannot be overstated because the institution has consistently demonstrated its commitment to breaking down barriers, bridging financing gaps and empowering African businesses to be competitive. All these have been accomplished through flagship projects such as the AfCFTA adjustment fund that is managed by Afreximbank’s subsidiary, Fund for Export Development in Africa (FEDA), PAPSS and other Trade Finance Programmes. The AATC located in Abuja represents yet another milestone in this journey and this aligns perfectly with Nigeria’s strategic priorities under the Federal Government’s eight-point agenda, particularly in the areas of job creation, economic diversification, and regional integration. As we commission this remarkable edifice today, let us renew our resolve to be the stronger, more interconnected and prosperous Africa.”

Prof. Benedict Oramah, President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Afreximbank, echoed this sentiment, remarking, “The Abuja AATC is the first of several AATCs being developed across Africa and the Caribbean. Some would be Afreximbank owned while others would be supported through a franchise-scheme. With these, we expect to create a sizeable network of AATCs that will act as the lighthouses to guide the interconnections and flow of trade and investments within continental Africa and between Africa and Caribbean regions. This AATC Abuja has been a 41-month journey, one built on hope and determination. Like the other AATCs, the Abuja AATC would serve a multi-purpose goal; it will serve as a platform for fostering deeper regional and continental integration and house Afreximbank’s permanent regional office, bringing a three-decade-old aspiration to fruition. This AATC will also offer a technology incubation hub, an SME incubation facility, a Digital Africa Trade Gateway, a conference and exhibition facility and a business hotel.”

Prof. Orama thanked the Federal Government of Nigeria for its support noting that the relationship between the Bank and Nigeria has been truly mutually beneficial and most cordial. “Over the last three decades, successive governments have accorded unflinching support to Afreximbank, responding most positively to capital calls, creating a congenial environment for its smooth operations while providing the Bank significant domestic policy support that helped to execute many of the development programmes in Nigeria.” He said.

This centre will serve as a critical platform for trade facilitation, capacity building and investment promotion – key pillars of Africa’s economic transformation

With the opening of the Abuja AATC, Afreximbank continues its mission to promote intra-African trade and investment opportunities, laying the groundwork for a more prosperous and integrated African economy.

Over 500 distinguished guests attended the commissioning ceremony, notably, Hon. William F. Duguid, J.P. Senior Minister, Prime Minister’s Office, Republic of Barbados, Hon. Sylvester Grisby, Minister of State for Presidential Affairs, Liberia, Hon. Adebayo Olawale Edun, Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister of the Economy, Nigeria and his counterpart, Hon. Dr. Jumoke Oduwole MFR, Minister of Trade and Investment, Federal Ministry of Trade and Investment, Nigeria as well as Nigeria’s former Vice President Hon. Namadi Sambo. Hon. Bockaire Kalokoh, Deputy Minister of Finance of Sierra Leone and Hon. Sheilla Chikomo, Deputy Minister Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Zimbabwe represented their respective countries. The event was also well attended by business leaders led by billionaire entrepreneur Mr. Aliko Dangote, Founder and Chief Executive of the Dangote Group, Mr Tony Elumelu, Chairman of Transcorp Group, policymakers, pan-African CEOs, and entrepreneurs.

Their presence showcased a shared vision and determination to enhance trade across Africa, as they pledged to work together to leverage the AATC for the continent’s economic transformation.

The Abuja AATC comprises two interconnected nine-storey towers. One tower features world-class commercial A-grade office spaces, a trade and exhibition centre, a conference centre, a technology and SME incubator, a Digital Trade Gateway and a trade information services hub. The adjoining tower boasts a 148-room business hotel, seminar and meeting rooms, a wellness centre, a restaurant and other ancillary facilities. These features are designed to provide a comprehensive ecosystem for trade and business activities, catering to the diverse needs of African businesses. It will also host office spaces for local and international financial institutions and policy organisations, ensuring a complete support system for trade and business activities.

The AATC building is expected to achieve gold – and potentially platinum – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), a globally recognised standard for sustainable building design and construction. This certification will make the Abuja AATC one of the few certified buildings in Nigeria and West Africa, underscoring its commitment to environmental sustainability.

The global architect Messrs SVA International developed a multifaceted global design, drawing inspiration from the concept of a bazaar, which reflects the vibrant feature of daily life in many African cities. Construction of the USD120 million project commenced in November 2021 on a prime piece of land measuring 5,856 square meters and achieved completion in 41 months.

The Abuja Afreximbank African Trade Centre (Abuja AATC) is the first of seven planned AATCs across Africa, including Kampala, Uganda, Harare, Zimbabwe, Cairo, Egypt, Yaoundé, Cameroon, Tunis, Tunisia, and Kigali, Rwanda. In addition, Afreximbank recently broke ground in Bridgetown, Barbados, to construct the first AATC outside of Africa. Through franchising and licensing arrangements, the Bank intends to partner with relevant institutions and economic development organizations to establish non-Bank owned ATCs in the rest of Global Africa. These AATCs will serve to link buyers, sellers, suppliers, service providers, enterprises, governments, chambers of commerce, financial institutions, economic development organisations and the general African and global trade and investment community.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Afreximbank.

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United Arab Emirates (UAE) Drives Strategic Push into Africa’s Oil & Gas Industry

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Rovuma Basin

The UAE’s recent investments in Mozambique and Egypt highlight its expanding role in Africa’s energy sector, positioning it as the continent’s largest investor and a key partner in driving future growth

CAPE TOWN, South Africa, April 11, 2025/APO Group/ –The UAE’s investment footprint in Africa’s oil and gas sector has expanded with its recent entry into Mozambique’s Rovuma Basin. XRG, the international energy investment arm of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, made headlines last month by entering Mozambique’s lucrative gas market, underscoring the UAE’s expanding influence in Africa’s energy sector. The move is a key part of the country’s strategy to strengthen its position as a major player in Africa’s energy landscape, highlighting its confidence in the region’s long-term growth potential.

XRG Expands into Mozambique, Egypt  

XRG’s acquisition of a 10% interest in the Area 4 concession in Mozambique’s offshore Rovuma Basin signifies more than just an expansion for the company – it reflects a broader geopolitical and economic vision that aligns with the UAE’s strategic interests. The basin is one of the world’s most significant natural gas reserves, with the potential to shape global LNG markets in the coming decades, driven by integrated gas developments with a production capacity exceeding 25 MTPA. The acquisition includes stakes in the operational Coral South FLNG and the planned Coral North FLNG and Rovuma LNG projects. XRG’s decision to invest in the region underscores its understanding of the growing demand for energy resources and the importance of securing diverse sources to ensure energy security.

In December 2024, XRG partnered with bp to establish a new regional gas platform and joint venture, Arcius Energy, focused on the development of gas assets in Egypt. The company aims to build a world-scale integrated gas and chemicals portfolio to meet rising global demand, leveraging Africa’s gas-rich hotspots to achieve this. Through these investments, the UAE is positioning itself as a leading partner in Africa’s energy future, which will likely continue to strengthen its economic and diplomatic ties with the continent.

UAE Becomes Africa’s Largest Investor

The UAE’s push into Africa’s oil and gas sector is part of a broader trend that has seen it emerge as Africa’s largest investor, surpassing even China. As reported by the Middle East Monitor, the UAE has overtaken China as the continent’s biggest source of foreign direct investment, with investments from Emirati companies totaling $110 billion between 2019 and 2023. This shift marks a significant milestone in the UAE’s strategy to diversify its investment portfolio and expand its influence across Africa, a continent rich in untapped potential and actively seeking foreign capital to drive its growth and development.

With investments spanning key sectors like infrastructure, energy and technology, the UAE has strategically positioned itself as an economic partner of choice for African nations. These investments include green hydrogen projects in Mauritania; Masdar’s $2-billion commitment to renewable energy in Africa through 2030; and the expansion of major players like Dubai’s DP World – which operates six African ports – and Abu Dhabi Ports, which has extended its presence into Guinea, Egypt and Angola. The UAE’s growing investment in Africa’s oil and gas industry aligns with the country’s broader goals of securing reliable energy supplies, diversifying its own energy portfolio and fostering long-term economic partnerships with African nations.

AEW 2025: A Platform for Gulf Investors

The UAE’s accelerated investments in Africa’s energy sector will take center stage at the upcoming African Energy Week (AEW): Invest in African Energies 2025 in Cape Town. The conference will provide a platform for Emirati and Gulf investors to engage with key stakeholders, discuss strategies for expanding in Africa and explore new opportunities within the continent’s rapidly evolving energy sector. With a focus on oil, gas and clean energy, AEW 2025 will be a critical gathering for investors like XRG to showcase their projects, forge partnerships and deepen their involvement in Africa’s energy development.

AEW 2025 will also serve as a venue for African energy leaders to discuss the vital role of private investment in unlocking the continent’s energy potential. As a leading investor, the UAE’s growing influence in Africa’s oil and gas sector will be highlighted at the event, reinforcing its position as a key partner in driving investment, innovation and collaboration.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of African Energy Chamber

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